Change farm details

Your plan for Baksa

Kharif Rain only

We checked 55 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: this season's sowing time is over for every crop that suits. Use this plan for the next sowing.

Your land

Soil

8

out of 10

Soil score

Good

Short in most fields here: potassium and boron.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 1,526 mm in Kharif

June–September, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 1,321 mm.

Temperature

Days about 32 °C, nights 25 °C in Kharif

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (2 nutrients)
  • Potassium

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 50% Medium 47% High 3%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • Boron

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Poor

    Short 96% Enough 4%

    Almost every soil test here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Nitrogen

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Low 4% Medium 69% High 27%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Phosphorus

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Low 13% Medium 18% High 69%

    Most soil tests here came out high

    If your field is high: you can use about a quarter less DAP than usual.

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 38% Medium 24% High 38%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

  • pH

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Okay

    Acidic 46% Neutral 54%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out acidic

    If your field is acidic: add agricultural lime before sowing. A soil lab works out how much your field needs.

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Short 16% Enough 84%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 14,141 soil tests

    Good

    Short 4% Enough 96%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

Good fit 31

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Brinjal

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.8 lakh–₹2.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.9 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 560 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 970 mm it can use in a normal year, and 850 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Brinjal: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 72 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,100 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹75,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Okra (Bhindi)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.8 lakh–₹2.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.9 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 65 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹3,500 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹81,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Cucumber

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around August

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹76,000–₹1.4 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 290 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 720 mm it can use in a normal year, and 580 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cucumber: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 51 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–September 2026): about ₹3,225 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹55,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Green Chillies

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.6 lakh–₹2.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹86,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 560 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 970 mm it can use in a normal year, and 850 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Green Chillies: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,513 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹77,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Capsicum

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.2 lakh–₹1.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹58,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 970 mm it can use in a normal year, and 850 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Capsicum: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 30 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹5,000 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹61,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Ginger

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in April, harvest around December

    This season's sowing time (April–May) is over.

    Grown on 1,676 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹37,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 900 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,600 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,260 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–29 °C on average, and survives 13–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Apr 29 °C / 20 °C
    • May 31 °C / 23 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 13 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Ginger: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 36 quintals an acre here (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹4,750 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 40 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Pumpkin

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹39,000–₹96,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 890 mm it can use in a normal year, and 820 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Pumpkin: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 90 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,600 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹76,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Jute

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in April, harvest around August

    This season's sowing time (March–May) is over.

    Grown on 996 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹67,000–₹1.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹27,000–₹60,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 490 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,190 mm it can use in a normal year, and 910 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Apr 29 °C / 20 °C
    • May 31 °C / 23 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jute: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 6.9 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–September 2026): about ₹12,150 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,580 2021
    2. ₹6,050 2022
    3. ₹5,200 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 8.1 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Bitter Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹74,000–₹1.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹11,000–₹48,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 890 mm it can use in a normal year, and 820 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Bitter Gourd: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 38 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,400 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹63,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Tur (Arhar)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around December

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 599 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹32,000–₹48,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹13,000–₹29,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 560 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 980 mm it can use in a normal year, and 850 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–38 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 13 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Tur (Arhar): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 6.2 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹6,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,450 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,740 2021
    2. ₹5,750 2022
    3. ₹8,120 2023
    4. ₹9,380 2024
    5. ₹6,260 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.9 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 22

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Cauliflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹3.3 lakh–₹5.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2.1 lakh–₹3.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 410 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cauliflower: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 76 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹5,500 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.2 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Beans (Vegetable)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹3.5 lakh–₹5.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 320 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 16–25 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Beans (Vegetable): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 56 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹7,750 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.5 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Tomato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹79,000–₹1.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 950 mm it can use in a normal year, and 840 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Tomato: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 94 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,700 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.2 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around August

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹90,000–₹1.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹39,000–₹84,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 190 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 490 mm it can use in a normal year, and 420 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 48 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–September 2026): about ₹2,363 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹51,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Bottle Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹55,000–₹83,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹24,000–₹52,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 890 mm it can use in a normal year, and 820 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bottle Gourd: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 38 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,800 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹31,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Niger Seed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 616 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹16,000–₹23,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹7,000–₹15,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 350 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–26 °C on average, and survives 11–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Niger Seed: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.8 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹10,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹10,052 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,600 2021
    2. ₹6,380 2022
    3. ₹8,000 2023
    4. ₹8,000 2024
    5. ₹8,130 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹8,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.6 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Urad (Black Gram)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 1,433 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹9,000–₹14,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹5,000 to a profit of ₹74 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 290 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.5 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹8,113 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,930 2021
    2. ₹5,700 2022
    3. ₹7,310 2023
    4. ₹8,230 2024
    5. ₹6,290 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.8 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Sweet Potato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 113 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹40,000–₹60,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹15,000 to a profit of ₹4,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 440 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 650 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Potato: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 22 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,300 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,740 2021
    2. ₹1,980 2022
    3. ₹1,940 2023
    4. ₹2,380 2024
    5. ₹2,500 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹55,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 27 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Ragi (Finger Millet)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–August) is over.

    Grown on 107 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹13,000–₹20,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹1,000–₹8,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 350 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 890 mm it can use in a normal year, and 820 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Ragi (Finger Millet): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.
    • Most fields here are short of boron.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 4.7 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,501 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,205 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,260 2021
    2. ₹2,280 2022
    3. ₹2,800 2023
    4. ₹3,300 2024
    5. ₹3,530 2025

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹21,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Castor Seed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around December

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    Grown on 26 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹9,000–₹13,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹11,000–₹15,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 650 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 15–39 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 32 °C / 25 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Castor Seed: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.8 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹6,218 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,670 2021
    2. ₹6,580 2022
    3. ₹5,720 2023
    4. ₹5,530 2024
    5. ₹6,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹24,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of boron Your soil is likely short of boron.

      Mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

2 crops won't work here See why for each one

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).