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Your plan for S.A.S Nagar

Kharif Rain only

We checked 55 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: this season's sowing time is over for every crop that suits. Use this plan for the next sowing.

Your land

Soil

5

out of 10

Soil score

Poor

Short in most fields here: potassium.

Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 747 mm in Kharif

June–September, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 639 mm.

Temperature

Days about 35 °C, nights 25 °C in Kharif

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (1 nutrient)
  • Potassium

    From 901 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 90% Medium 9% High 1%

    9 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Phosphorus

    From 901 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 46% Medium 18% High 36%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Sulphur

    From 902 soil tests

    Good

    Short 8% Enough 92%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 898 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 22% Enough 78%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 893 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 39% Enough 61%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: spray ferrous sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, when young leaves turn yellow.

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 887 soil tests

    Good

    Short 1% Enough 99%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

The tests here for manganese look like a testing error: almost every test reads the same, unlike the districts around. They aren't used.

Too few tests here to judge nitrogen (1 test), out of 902 soil samples.

Not tested here: organic carbon, pH, salt and boron.

Good fit 22

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Cucumber

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.9 lakh–₹2.9 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.0 lakh–₹2.0 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 300 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 380 mm it can use in a normal year, and 300 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cucumber: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 83 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,880 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,430 2021
    2. ₹1,580 2022
    3. ₹1,660 2023
    4. ₹2,000 2024
    5. ₹1,980 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹92,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Pumpkin

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 6 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.6 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.9 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pumpkin: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 85 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,550 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹1,450 a quintal, the middle of 32 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹51,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹800 2021
    2. ₹1,350 2022
    3. ₹1,200 2023
    4. ₹1,690 2024
    5. ₹1,450 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹72,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Bitter Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹64,000–₹1.6 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bitter Gourd: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 83 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,500 a quintal, the middle of 19 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹72,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,600 2023
    2. ₹2,500 2024
    3. ₹3,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Okra (Bhindi)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.2 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹53,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 400 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 42 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,450 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,450 a quintal, the middle of 36 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹40,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,000 2023
    2. ₹3,000 2024
    3. ₹3,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in April.

    Typical costs are about ₹63,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Sunflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for this season in your district. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹46,000–₹68,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹22,000–₹45,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 330 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 400 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–34 °C on average, and survives 5–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Sunflower: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 7.6 quintals an acre here in its other seasons (district figures).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹7,555 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹7,400 a quintal, the middle of 21 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹33,000 a season after typical costs.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,343 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,570 2021
    2. ₹5,590 2022
    3. ₹4,440 2023
    4. ₹4,340 2024
    5. ₹4,960 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹23,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Guar Seed (Cluster Bean)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹21,000–₹31,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹14,000–₹25,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 390 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 450 mm it can use in a normal year, and 390 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 25–35 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Guar Seed (Cluster Bean): 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 7.5–8.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 3.9 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹6,556 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹7,725 a quintal, the middle of 26 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹24,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,780 2021
    2. ₹5,300 2022
    3. ₹5,150 2023
    4. ₹4,900 2024
    5. ₹4,640 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹6,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Urad (Black Gram)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 642 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹22,000–₹33,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹8,000–₹19,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 290 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 380 mm it can use in a normal year, and 300 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of phosphorus, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 3.4 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹8,113 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹7,850 a quintal, the middle of 172 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹13,000 a season after typical costs.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,930 2021
    2. ₹5,700 2022
    3. ₹7,310 2023
    4. ₹8,230 2024
    5. ₹6,290 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Cowpea (Lobia)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹20,000–₹30,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹11,000–₹21,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 6/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 320 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 390 mm it can use in a normal year, and 300 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 25–35 °C on average, and survives 15–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cowpea (Lobia): 6 out of 10 (okay).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of phosphorus, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.8 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹8,900 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹8,781 a quintal, the middle of 24 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹15,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,510 2021
    2. ₹5,430 2022
    3. ₹6,340 2023
    4. ₹7,030 2024
    5. ₹5,820 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹9,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Groundnut

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹42,000–₹63,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2,000–₹23,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–32 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Groundnut: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 7.4 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹7,087 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹7,170 a quintal, the middle of 137 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹13,000 a season after typical costs.

    Minimum support price: ₹7,517 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,150 2021
    2. ₹5,500 2022
    3. ₹6,270 2023
    4. ₹5,680 2024
    5. ₹5,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Soybean

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹21,000–₹32,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹5,000–₹15,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 430 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 450 mm it can use in a normal year, and 390 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–33 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Soybean: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Most fields here are short of potassium.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 4.3 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹6,078 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹6,988 a quintal, the middle of 359 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹14,000 a season after typical costs.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,708 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,140 2021
    2. ₹5,950 2022
    3. ₹4,790 2023
    4. ₹4,290 2024
    5. ₹4,130 2025

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹16,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 29

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Cauliflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.5 lakh–₹3.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.5 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 420 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 400 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cauliflower: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 83 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,700 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,300 a quintal, the middle of 4 mandis in your district (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹73,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,250 2021
    2. ₹1,950 2022
    3. ₹1,690 2023
    4. ₹2,100 2024
    5. ₹2,400 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.2 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Bottle Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹83,000–₹1.6 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bottle Gourd: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 75 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,400 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,500 a quintal, the middle of 2 mandis in your district (latest 11 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.3 lakh a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,400 2021
    2. ₹1,700 2022
    3. ₹1,930 2023
    4. ₹1,760 2024
    5. ₹2,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹61,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹65,000–₹1.5 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 200 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 300 mm it can use in a normal year, and 210 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 103 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (October 2026): about ₹2,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,000 2021
    2. ₹1,000 2022
    3. ₹800 2023
    4. ₹1,350 2024

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Tomato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 12 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹64,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 590 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Tomato: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 106 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    On rain alone it gets about 80% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 80% of this yield.

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,750 a quintal, the middle of 4 mandis in your district (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹94,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,550 2021
    2. ₹2,000 2022
    3. ₹1,900 2023
    4. ₹3,060 2024
    5. ₹2,150 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Jute

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (March–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹89,000–₹1.3 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹49,000–₹93,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 570 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 440 mm it can use in a normal year, and 380 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 39 °C / 24 °C
    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jute: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 11 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    On rain alone it gets about 78% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 78% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,950 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹14,250 a quintal, the middle of 10 mandis across India (latest 11 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹82,000 a season after typical costs.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,580 2021
    2. ₹6,050 2022
    3. ₹5,200 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Brinjal

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.2 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹8,000–₹66,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 620 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 480 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C
    • Nov 27 °C / 12 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Brinjal: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 104 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    On rain alone it gets about 77% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 77% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹1,825 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹1,500 a quintal, the middle of 57 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹11,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,230 2021
    2. ₹2,000 2022
    3. ₹1,650 2023
    4. ₹1,950 2024
    5. ₹1,810 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.1 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Sweet Potato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹77,000–₹1.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹18,000–₹56,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 2 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Needs care: Soil 4/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 2 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Potato: 4 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 38 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    On rain alone it gets about 90% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 90% of this yield.

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,782 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    This week: about ₹2,650 a quintal, the middle of 12 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹32,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,700 2021
    2. ₹2,080 2022
    3. ₹2,500 2024
    4. ₹2,550 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹59,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Onion

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 10 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹807–₹52,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 2 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 2 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 500 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 400 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–25 °C on average, and survives 4–33 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C
    • Nov 27 °C / 12 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Onion: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 96 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    On rain alone it gets about 80% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 80% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹1,650 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹4,000 a quintal, the middle of 4 mandis in your district (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹2.1 lakh a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,200 2021
    2. ₹1,650 2022
    3. ₹1,660 2023
    4. ₹2,950 2024
    5. ₹1,750 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Capsicum

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 10 mandis in your district.

    ₹39,000–₹58,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹9,000–₹28,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 590 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 470 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Capsicum: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 14 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    On rain alone it gets about 80% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 80% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,200 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹3,800 a quintal, the middle of 39 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹14,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,900 2021
    2. ₹4,000 2022
    3. ₹3,000 2023
    4. ₹3,750 2024
    5. ₹3,650 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹30,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Green Chillies

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 11 mandis in your district.

    ₹24,000–₹36,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹5,000–₹17,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 5/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 620 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 480 mm it can use in a normal year, and 410 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 34 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 32 °C / 18 °C
    • Nov 27 °C / 12 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Green Chillies: 5 out of 10 (poor).

    Not in the score: nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and 3 more.

    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8. We have no pH figures for this place.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 11 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    On rain alone it gets about 77% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 77% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,550 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹3,000 a quintal, the middle of 3 mandis in your district (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹7,000 a season after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,500 2021
    2. ₹2,550 2022
    3. ₹3,500 2023
    4. ₹3,500 2024
    5. ₹3,300 2025

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of potassium Your soil is likely short of potassium.

      Add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

4 crops won't work here See why for each one

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).