Your plan for Thiruvarur

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 550 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 620 mm it can use in a normal year, and 360 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Capsicum: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 94 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹6,500 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Prices are usually best in July.

Typical costs are about ₹1.7 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 580 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Brinjal: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 54 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹3,200 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Prices are usually best in June.

Typical costs are about ₹51,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 580 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Green Chillies: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Prices are usually best in September.

Typical costs are about ₹75,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 720 mm it can use in a normal year, and 390 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 15–39 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C
• Jan 29 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Castor Seed: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 7.5 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹6,106 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in November.

Typical costs are about ₹24,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 610 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 770 mm it can use in a normal year, and 510 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 22–36 °C on average, and survives 15–42 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Cotton: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 4.4 quintals of kapas (raw cotton) an acre here in this season (district figures).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹7,445 a quintal across India's mandis.

Minimum support price: ₹8,267 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

That is the price for medium staple kapas (raw cotton). Long staple kapas has ₹8,667 a quintal.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹28,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 580 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 730 mm it can use in a normal year, and 490 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–38 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C
• Jan 29 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Tur (Arhar): 8 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of zinc.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 3.7 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹6,000 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Minimum support price: ₹8,450 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in January.

Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 330 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 580 mm it can use in a normal year, and 320 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Soil

Soil for Ragi (Finger Millet): 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 6.1 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (your district's own figure looked wrong).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹3,808 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Minimum support price: ₹5,205 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹21,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 460 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 420 mm it can use in a normal year, and 260 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 24–30 °C on average, and survives 12–37 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Ash Gourd: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.6–6.8.

Money

No yield records for this crop yet.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Prices are usually best in January.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 560 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 3–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Lablab Bean (Sem): 8 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.
• Most fields here are short of zinc.

Likes pH 5.0–7.5.

Money

No yield records for this crop yet.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹5,300 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Prices are usually best in October.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 440 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 420 mm it can use in a normal year, and 260 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Ricebean: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of zinc.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

No yield records for this crop yet.

No mandi or support price for this crop yet.

Water

Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 950 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 830 mm it can use in a normal year, and 530 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 19–29 °C on average, and survives 13–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• May 36 °C / 27 °C (outside its best range)
• Jun 36 °C / 27 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Ginger: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 82 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

On rain alone it gets about 87% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 87% of this yield.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹7,875 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Prices are usually best in July.

Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 560 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 520 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Tomato: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 124 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,400 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹1.9 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 2 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 420 mm it can use in a normal year, and 260 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Sweet Potato: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 87 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

On rain alone it gets about 83% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 83% of this yield.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,000 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹55,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 900 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 830 mm it can use in a normal year, and 530 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–28 °C on average, and survives 18–32 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 36 °C / 27 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C
• Jan 29 °C / 22 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Turmeric: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 20 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (March 2026): about ₹12,366 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Prices are usually best in November.

Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 660 mm it can use in a normal year, and 380 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 12–25 °C on average, and survives 4–33 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Onion: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 30 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹3,406 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Prices are usually best in September.

Typical costs are about ₹74,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 2 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 420 mm it can use in a normal year, and 260 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 15–30 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Tobacco: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of sulphur.

Likes pH 5.0–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 6.1 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

On rain alone it gets about 88% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 88% of this yield.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹6,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹22,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 550 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 720 mm it can use in a normal year, and 390 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C
• Dec 28 °C / 22 °C
• Jan 29 °C / 22 °C

Soil

Soil for Chillies (Dry): 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 2.4 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹14,188 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in November.

Typical costs are about ₹1.2 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 10 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 1,090 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 590 mm it can use in a normal year, and 400 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 15–36 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C
• Nov 30 °C / 24 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Rice: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 19 quintals of paddy an acre here in this season (district figures).

Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,365 a quintal at mandis in your district.

Minimum support price: ₹2,441 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in February.

Typical costs are about ₹29,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 4 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 320 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 140 mm it can use in a normal year, and 70 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C

Soil

Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.
• Most fields here are short of zinc.

Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 3.3 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹8,113 a quintal across India's mandis.

Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 4 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 460 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 280 mm it can use in a normal year, and 180 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 22–32 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 36 °C / 26 °C
• Aug 35 °C / 25 °C
• Sep 34 °C / 25 °C
• Oct 32 °C / 25 °C

Soil

Soil for Groundnut: 7 out of 10 (okay).

• The pH here suits it.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
• Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 8.6 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹6,250 a quintal across mandis in your state.

Minimum support price: ₹7,517 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in June.

Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.