Change farm details

Your plan for Kannur

Kharif Rain only

We checked 55 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: this season's sowing time is over for every crop that suits. Use this plan for the next sowing.

Your land

Soil

8

out of 10

Soil score

Good

Short in most fields here: sulphur.

Not in the score: nitrogen.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 2,453 mm in Kharif

June–September, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 1,903 mm.

Temperature

Days about 29 °C, nights 24 °C in Kharif

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (1 nutrient)
  • Sulphur

    From 7,865 soil tests

    Poor

    Short 76% Enough 24%

    8 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Phosphorus

    From 7,874 soil tests

    Good

    Low 11% Medium 16% High 73%

    Most soil tests here came out high

    If your field is high: you can use about a quarter less DAP than usual.

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 7,880 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 30% Medium 50% High 21%

    3 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more potash (MOP) than the usual dose.

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 7,865 soil tests

    Good

    Low 11% Medium 16% High 73%

    Most soil tests here came out high

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

  • pH

    From 7,840 soil tests

    Okay

    Acidic 41% Neutral 59%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out acidic

    If your field is acidic: add agricultural lime before sowing. A soil lab works out how much your field needs.

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 7,858 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Zinc

    From 7,869 soil tests

    Good

    Short 6% Enough 94%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 7,870 soil tests

    Good

    Short 2% Enough 98%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 7,854 soil tests

    Good

    Short 1% Enough 99%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 7,870 soil tests

    Good

    Short 5% Enough 95%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 7,864 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 43% Enough 57%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Too few tests here to judge nitrogen (11 tests), out of 7,880 soil samples.

Good fit 36

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Sweet Potato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 44 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.1 lakh–₹3.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.5 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,700 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,280 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Potato: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 58 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹4,525 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,750 2021
    2. ₹3,180 2022
    3. ₹2,610 2023
    4. ₹4,030 2024
    5. ₹3,800 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹59,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Capsicum

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹3.4 lakh–₹5.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2.1 lakh–₹3.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,390 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Capsicum: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 62 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹6,850 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,300 2021
    2. ₹6,580 2022
    3. ₹7,100 2024

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Green Chillies

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.5 lakh–₹3.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.8 lakh–₹3.0 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,410 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Nov 32 °C / 23 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Green Chillies: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹7,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,000 2021
    2. ₹6,000 2022
    3. ₹7,000 2024
    4. ₹6,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹77,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 16%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 8%
  4. Brinjal

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.5 lakh–₹3.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.9 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,840 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,410 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Nov 32 °C / 23 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Brinjal: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 78 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,350 2022
    2. ₹4,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹81,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Okra (Bhindi)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.9 lakh–₹2.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.2 lakh–₹2.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 330 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,170 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 54 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹4,350 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,660 2021
    2. ₹3,200 2022
    3. ₹3,900 2024
    4. ₹4,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹66,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 3%
    • Urea 3%
  6. Turmeric

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (May–June) is over.

    Grown on 361 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.4 lakh–₹3.6 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.1 lakh–₹2.3 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 840 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 2,170 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,700 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–28 °C on average, and survives 18–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 33 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Nov 32 °C / 23 °C
    • Dec 32 °C / 22 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Turmeric: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 17 quintals an acre here (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹17,600 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹9,550 2021
    2. ₹10,100 2022

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 13 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • NPK Mixture 7%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 1%
    • Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate / Nitrogen Phosphate 1%
  7. Cucumber

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around August

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 12 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.8 lakh–₹2.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.2 lakh–₹2.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 230 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,280 mm it can use in a normal year, and 980 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cucumber: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 58 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–September 2026): about ₹3,900 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,030 2021
    2. ₹2,110 2022
    3. ₹1,900 2023
    4. ₹3,050 2024
    5. ₹3,200 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹63,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 8%
    • Urea 8%
    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 5%
    • NPK Mixture 3%
  8. Bitter Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 3 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹99,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 340 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,630 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,230 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Bitter Gourd: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 23 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹7,350 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,700 2021
    2. ₹4,700 2022
    3. ₹4,700 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹38,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Jute

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (March–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹73,000–₹1.3 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 390 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,710 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,390 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 33 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jute: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 11 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,950 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,580 2021
    2. ₹6,050 2022
    3. ₹5,200 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Bottle Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹71,000–₹1.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹47,000–₹83,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 340 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,630 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,230 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Bottle Gourd: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 30 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,110 2021
    2. ₹2,500 2022
    3. ₹2,500 2023
    4. ₹3,000 2024
    5. ₹2,980 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹24,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 19

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Cauliflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹3.2 lakh–₹4.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.9 lakh–₹3.5 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 340 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,170 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cauliflower: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 84 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹4,800 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,750 2022
    2. ₹4,350 2024

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Beans (Vegetable)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.6 lakh–₹3.9 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 250 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,350 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,040 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 16–25 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Beans (Vegetable): 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹7,225 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,180 2021
    2. ₹4,270 2022
    3. ₹5,480 2023
    4. ₹5,830 2024
    5. ₹5,570 2025

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.2 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Cabbage

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.6 lakh–₹3.9 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.6 lakh–₹2.9 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 340 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,170 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–24 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cabbage: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 97 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹3,350 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around August

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.6 lakh–₹2.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹88,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 150 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 870 mm it can use in a normal year, and 730 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 66 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–September 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹71,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Onion

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 6 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹37,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,250 mm it can use in a normal year, and 950 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–25 °C on average, and survives 4–33 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 32 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Onion: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of potassium, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 64 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,700 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,840 2021
    2. ₹2,400 2022
    3. ₹2,500 2023
    4. ₹3,900 2024
    5. ₹2,450 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Niger Seed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹11,000–₹16,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2,000–₹8,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 280 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,170 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–26 °C on average, and survives 11–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Niger Seed: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.3 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹10,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹10,052 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,600 2021
    2. ₹6,380 2022
    3. ₹8,000 2023
    4. ₹8,000 2024
    5. ₹8,130 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹8,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Maize

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 12 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹18,000–₹26,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹4,000 to a profit of ₹4,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 310 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,170 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–33 °C on average, and survives 10–47 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Maize: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 9.3 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,350 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹2,410 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,580 2021
    2. ₹2,020 2022
    3. ₹2,010 2023
    4. ₹2,230 2024
    5. ₹2,150 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹22,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Sesame (Til)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 6 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹11,000–₹17,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹3,000 to a profit of ₹2,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 260 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,440 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,110 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Sesame (Til): 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.1 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹10,346 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹7,840 2021
    2. ₹9,550 2022
    3. ₹13,310 2023
    4. ₹11,590 2024
    5. ₹8,860 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹15,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 3.3 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Ragi (Finger Millet)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–August) is over.

    Grown on 8.2 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹15,000–₹23,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹6,000 to a profit of ₹2,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 290 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,630 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,230 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Ragi (Finger Millet): 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 5.5 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,501 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,205 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,260 2021
    2. ₹2,280 2022
    3. ₹2,800 2023
    4. ₹3,300 2024
    5. ₹3,530 2025

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹21,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Jowar (Sorghum)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹8,000–₹13,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹4,000 to a profit of ₹113 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 320 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 1,630 mm it can use in a normal year, and 1,230 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 23 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jowar (Sorghum): 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: nitrogen.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of sulphur.

    Likes pH 5.5–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.8 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,701 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹4,023 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,820 2021
    2. ₹2,180 2022
    3. ₹3,330 2023
    4. ₹2,760 2024
    5. ₹2,590 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹12,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of sulphur Your soil is likely short of sulphur.

      Use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).