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Your plan for Gadag

Rabi Rain only

We checked 52 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: 7 of the crops that suit can still be sown this season. For 2 the sowing time is over.

Your land

Soil

9

out of 10

Soil score

Good

Not in the score: salt.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 127 mm in Rabi

October–February, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 67 mm.

Temperature

Days about 31 °C, nights 18 °C in Rabi

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

Your soil test results
All soil results

  • Nitrogen

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Low 2% Medium 98%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Phosphorus

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Medium 92% High 8%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Medium 72% High 28%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 19,667 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 42% Medium 57% High 1%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

  • pH

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Neutral 100%

    Almost every soil test here came out neutral

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Sulphur

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Short 3% Enough 97%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 19,668 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

The tests here for salt look like a testing error: almost every test reads the same, unlike the districts around. They aren't used.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Good fit 0

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Nothing fits well this season. Look at the crops below that are possible with effort, or try another season.

Possible, with effort 9

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Cowpea (Lobia)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 3,651 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹13,000–₹20,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹3,000–₹10,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Cool in November
    • Suits: Soil 10/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 290 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 30 mm it can use in a normal year (20 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 0 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    The government's farm census has no figure for Cowpea (Lobia) alone. About 80% of other pulses (tur, peas, lobia and more) in your district is grown on rain alone.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 25–35 °C on average, and survives 15–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cowpea (Lobia): 10 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.5 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹6,612 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,800 2021
    2. ₹6,130 2022
    3. ₹7,540 2023
    4. ₹7,530 2024
    5. ₹6,390 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹10,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

  2. Safflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in September, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (September–October) is over.

    Grown on 11,213 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹13,000–₹19,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    At typical costs, from a loss of ₹2,000 to a profit of ₹4,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 10/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 420 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 120 mm it can use in a normal year, and 60 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–32 °C on average, and survives 5–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Sep 29 °C / 21 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Safflower: 10 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.3 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹6,866 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Minimum support price: ₹7,215 a quintal (2027-28), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,680 2021
    2. ₹4,960 2022
    3. ₹4,030 2023
    4. ₹4,320 2024
    5. ₹7,080 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹15,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 94%
    • Urea 29%

  3. Jowar (Sorghum)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in September, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (September–October) is over.

    Grown on 92,117 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹8,000–₹12,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹782–₹5,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 5 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 5 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 360 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 120 mm it can use in a normal year, and 60 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Sep 29 °C / 21 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jowar (Sorghum): 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 5.5–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 3.3 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹2,960 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Minimum support price: ₹4,023 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,850 2021
    2. ₹2,210 2022
    3. ₹3,700 2023
    4. ₹2,990 2024
    5. ₹2,540 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹12,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 4.6 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 46%
    • Urea 6%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 4%
    • Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 3%

  4. Maize

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 20,921 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹14,000–₹21,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹1,000–₹8,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 7 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 7 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 360 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 30 mm it can use in a normal year (20 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 0 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–33 °C on average, and survives 10–47 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Maize: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 9.4 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹1,855 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Minimum support price: ₹2,410 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,630 2021
    2. ₹2,150 2022
    3. ₹2,110 2023
    4. ₹2,280 2024
    5. ₹2,300 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹22,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 16 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 92%
    • Urea 91%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 3%
    • Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate / Monohydrate 1%

  5. Sunflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 25,186 acres here. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹14,000–₹20,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹3,000–₹10,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 310 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 30 mm it can use in a normal year (20 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 0 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–34 °C on average, and survives 5–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Sunflower: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.6 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹6,593 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,343 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,880 2021
    2. ₹5,960 2022
    3. ₹4,660 2023
    4. ₹4,640 2024
    5. ₹5,860 2025

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹23,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 7.5 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 58%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 41%
    • Urea 24%
    • Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 3%

  6. Groundnut

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around March

    Sowing time is now.

    Grown on 23,115 acres here. Sold at 7 mandis in your district.

    ₹27,000–₹40,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹131–₹13,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 9 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 9 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 440 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 0 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–32 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Feb 33 °C / 18 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Groundnut: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 5.4 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (March–April 2026): about ₹6,184 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹7,517 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,090 2021
    2. ₹5,650 2022
    3. ₹6,100 2023
    4. ₹5,460 2024

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 8.4 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 59%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 50%
    • Urea 13%
    • Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 1%

  7. Gram (Chana)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around February

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 3.3 lakh acres here. Sold at 9 mandis in your district.

    ₹8,000–₹12,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹7,000–₹11,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 7 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 10/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 7 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 350 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 30 mm it can use in a normal year (20 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 0 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–29 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Gram (Chana): 10 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 6.0–8.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.9 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (March 2026): about ₹5,169 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,958 a quintal (2027-28), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,840 2021
    2. ₹4,510 2022
    3. ₹4,810 2023
    4. ₹6,290 2024

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 5.2 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 84%
    • Urea 17%
    • Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate / Monohydrate 2%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 2%

  8. Cotton

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around April

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 7,178 acres here. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹9,000–₹14,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹13,000–₹18,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 14 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 10/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 14 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 720 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 40 mm it can use in a normal year, and 20 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–36 °C on average, and survives 15–42 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 30 °C / 20 °C
    • Nov 30 °C / 18 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Feb 33 °C / 18 °C
    • Mar 36 °C / 21 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cotton: 10 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.6 quintals of kapas (raw cotton) an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (April–May 2026): about ₹7,517 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,267 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    That is the price for medium staple kapas (raw cotton). Long staple kapas has ₹8,667 a quintal.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,520 2021
    2. ₹9,400 2022
    3. ₹6,850 2023

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹28,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 6.7 quintals of kapas (raw cotton) an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 91%
    • Urea 59%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 12%
    • Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 1%

  9. Wheat

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in December, harvest around April

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of December.

    Grown on 35,778 acres here. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹6,000–₹9,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    Likely a loss at typical costs: ₹10,000–₹13,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 12 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Very hot in February
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 12 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 580 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 10 mm it can use in a normal year, and 10 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–25 °C on average, and survives 5–27 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Dec 30 °C / 16 °C
    • Jan 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Feb 33 °C / 18 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 36 °C / 21 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 37 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Days in February get hotter than it likes. Time sowing so it flowers before then.

    Soil

    Soil for Wheat: 9 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: salt.

    • The pH here suits it.

    Likes pH 6.0–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 3.0 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (April–May 2026): about ₹2,397 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹2,610 a quintal (2027-28), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,820 2021
    2. ₹2,320 2022
    3. ₹2,850 2023
    4. ₹2,980 2024

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 19 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 88%
    • Urea 42%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 4%
    • Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 1%
43 crops won't work here See why for each one

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).