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Your plan for Nainital

Whole year Rain only

We checked 51 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

Your land

Soil

7

out of 10

Soil score

Okay

Short in most fields here: nitrogen and manganese.

Not in the score: organic carbon.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 1,475 mm in Whole year

January–December, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 1,101 mm.

Temperature

Days about 26 °C, nights 15 °C in Whole year

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (2 nutrients)
  • Nitrogen

    From 3,678 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 87% Medium 13%

    9 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Manganese

    From 10,065 soil tests

    Poor

    Short 58% Enough 42%

    6 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Phosphorus

    From 10,059 soil tests

    Good

    Low 16% Medium 61% High 23%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 10,063 soil tests

    Good

    Low 9% Medium 60% High 32%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • pH

    From 9,940 soil tests

    Good

    Acidic 4% Neutral 96%

    Almost every soil test here came out neutral

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 10,002 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 10,064 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 30% Enough 70%

    3 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: use single super phosphate instead of DAP, or add about 100 kg of gypsum per acre before sowing.

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 10,063 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 31% Enough 69%

    3 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 10,064 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 47% Enough 53%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: spray ferrous sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, when young leaves turn yellow.

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 10,064 soil tests

    Good

    Short 12% Enough 88%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 10,063 soil tests

    Good

    Short 10% Enough 90%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

The tests here for organic carbon look like a testing error: almost every test reads the same, unlike the districts around. They aren't used.

Good fit 6

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Plum

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.5 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹58,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 990 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–33 °C on average, and survives 6–36 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Plum: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.1.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 17 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–July 2026): about ₹7,300 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,060 2021
    2. ₹4,500 2022
    3. ₹5,500 2023
    4. ₹5,800 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹43,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Pear

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹65,000–₹98,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹27,000–₹60,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pear: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 20 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (July–August 2026): about ₹4,123 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹38,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Peach

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹74,000–₹1.1 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹17,000–₹54,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 990 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–33 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Peach: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.3.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 26 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–June 2026): about ₹3,575 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹57,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Apple

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹54,000–₹81,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 5

    After typical costs: ₹3,000–₹30,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 14–27 °C on average, and survives 8–33 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Apple: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 13 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 5 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (August–October 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹5,000 a quintal, the middle of 13 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹17,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,400 2022
    2. ₹4,800 2023
    3. ₹5,800 2024
    4. ₹5,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹50,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Almond

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop.

    No price yet to estimate income

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 970 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–35 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Almond: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 6.2 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    No mandi or support price for this crop yet.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Rose

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop.

    No price yet to estimate income

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–24 °C on average, and survives 11–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Rose: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 70 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    No mandi or support price for this crop yet.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 34

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Tapioca (Cassava)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹3.6 lakh–₹5.4 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.1 lakh–₹2.9 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 780 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–29 °C on average, and survives 10–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Tapioca (Cassava): 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 149 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–November 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹3,500 a quintal, the middle of 70 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹2.8 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,680 2021
    2. ₹3,000 2022
    3. ₹3,100 2023
    4. ₹3,000 2024
    5. ₹3,000 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹2.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Sweet Orange (Mosambi)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.4 lakh–₹3.6 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹1.2 lakh–₹2.4 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 930 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 13–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Orange (Mosambi): 7 out of 10 (okay).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • Soil here is often more alkaline than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of iron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 5.0–6.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 67 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (January 2026, May–June 2026): about ₹4,500 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹2,575 a quintal, the middle of 6 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹47,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,440 2022
    2. ₹2,230 2023

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Pomegranate

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.4 lakh–₹3.6 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹50,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 940 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–32 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Pomegranate: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 49 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–June 2026): about ₹6,200 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹6,000 a quintal, the middle of 7 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.0 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,290 2022
    2. ₹6,450 2023
    3. ₹6,400 2025

    Prices are usually best in April.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.9 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Custard Apple

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.1 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹70,000–₹1.4 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–30 °C on average, and survives 11–41 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Custard Apple: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 7.0–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 39 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (September–November 2026): about ₹4,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹4,575 a quintal, the middle of 30 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.1 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,000 2022
    2. ₹3,250 2023
    3. ₹3,630 2024
    4. ₹4,490 2025

    Prices are usually best in April.

    Typical costs are about ₹69,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Pineapple

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹1.9 lakh–₹2.8 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 2

    After typical costs: ₹42,000–₹1.3 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 500 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 21–30 °C on average, and survives 10–36 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Pineapple: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 4.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 66 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September 2026): about ₹3,500 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Lemon

    Holds the land all year

    Counted with lime in government figures. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹78,000–₹1.2 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹37,000–₹76,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 930 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–28 °C on average, and survives 12–36 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Lemon: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of iron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 17 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district). Government figures count it with lime.

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–February 2026, April–August 2026): about ₹5,750 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    This week: about ₹3,600 a quintal, the middle of 3 mandis in your state (latest 11 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹20,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,830 2022
    2. ₹4,350 2023
    3. ₹3,650 2025

    Prices are usually best in April.

    Typical costs are about ₹41,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Jackfruit

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 5

    After typical costs: ₹32,000–₹1.0 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 16–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Jackfruit: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 95 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 5 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–June 2026): about ₹1,800 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Orange (Mandarin, Kinnow)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹33,000–₹99,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 930 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–34 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Orange (Mandarin, Kinnow): 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of iron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 53 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–February 2026): about ₹3,100 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹99,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Litchi

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹85,000–₹1.3 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 5

    After typical costs: ₹29,000–₹71,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 15–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Litchi: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 13 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 5 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–June 2026): about ₹8,250 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹56,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Mango

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹44,000–₹67,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹28,000–₹50,000 an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in January
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 960 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 24–30 °C on average, and survives 8–48 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Jul 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Aug 28 °C / 21 °C
    • Sep 28 °C / 19 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 26 °C / 15 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 22 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 18 °C / 7 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 17 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 20 °C / 8 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 25 °C / 13 °C (outside its best range)
    • Apr 31 °C / 17 °C
    • May 33 °C / 19 °C
    • Jun 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in January can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Mango: 8 out of 10 (good).

    Not in the score: organic carbon.

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of manganese.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 20 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–June 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹16,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 54% of local fields of this crop get it.

    • Short of manganese Your soil is likely short of manganese.

      Spray manganese sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, on the young crop.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 54%
    • Urea 54%
11 crops won't work here See why for each one

4 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).