Change farm details

Your plan for Jammu

Kharif Rain only

We checked 58 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: this season's sowing time is over for every crop that suits. Use this plan for the next sowing.

Your land

Soil

9

out of 10

Soil score

Good

Short in most fields here: organic carbon.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 1,097 mm in Kharif

June–September, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 930 mm.

Temperature

Days about 35 °C, nights 25 °C in Kharif

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (1 nutrient)
  • Organic carbon

    From 7,110 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 59% Medium 35% High 5%

    6 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Nitrogen

    From 7,123 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 39% Medium 59% High 2%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Phosphorus

    From 7,128 soil tests

    Good

    Low 1% Medium 97% High 2%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 7,128 soil tests

    Good

    Low 2% Medium 76% High 23%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • pH

    From 7,067 soil tests

    Good

    Neutral 99% Alkaline 1%

    Almost every soil test here came out neutral

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 7,093 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 7,128 soil tests

    Good

    Short 3% Enough 97%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 7,108 soil tests

    Good

    Short 5% Enough 95%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 7,129 soil tests

    Good

    Short 2% Enough 98%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 7,022 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 7,129 soil tests

    Good

    Short 1% Enough 99%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 7,126 soil tests

    Good

    Short 4% Enough 96%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Good fit 28

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Tomato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹2.6 lakh–₹4.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.1 lakh–₹2.4 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 600 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Tomato: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 98 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,375 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,930 2021
    2. ₹2,230 2022
    3. ₹1,900 2023
    4. ₹3,090 2024
    5. ₹2,200 2025

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.5 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Capsicum

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.8 lakh–₹2.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹95,000–₹1.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 610 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Capsicum: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 41 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹5,500 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,550 2021
    2. ₹3,560 2022
    3. ₹2,650 2023
    4. ₹3,730 2024
    5. ₹3,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹84,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Green Chillies

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹80,000–₹1.5 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 630 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Green Chillies: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 38 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,750 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,880 2021
    2. ₹3,250 2022
    3. ₹3,250 2023
    4. ₹3,330 2024
    5. ₹4,040 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹65,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Jute

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (March–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹73,000–₹1.3 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 590 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 720 mm it can use in a normal year, and 590 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 38 °C / 23 °C
    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jute: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 11 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,950 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,580 2021
    2. ₹6,050 2022
    3. ₹5,200 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Brinjal

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹47,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 630 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Brinjal: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 85 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,000 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,280 2021
    2. ₹1,830 2022
    3. ₹1,730 2023
    4. ₹2,130 2024
    5. ₹2,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹89,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Cucumber

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹59,000–₹1.3 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 310 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 550 mm it can use in a normal year, and 430 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cucumber: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 66 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,500 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,750 2021
    2. ₹1,860 2022
    3. ₹1,700 2023
    4. ₹2,430 2024
    5. ₹2,150 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹72,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Okra (Bhindi)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.2 lakh–₹1.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹50,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 700 mm it can use in a normal year, and 590 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 58 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,625 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,030 2021
    2. ₹2,330 2022
    3. ₹2,930 2023
    4. ₹3,230 2024
    5. ₹3,240 2025

    Prices are usually best in January.

    Typical costs are about ₹72,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 100%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 100%
    • Urea 100%
  8. Bitter Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹28,000–₹84,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 610 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bitter Gourd: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 51 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,250 2022
    2. ₹3,050 2023
    3. ₹3,450 2024
    4. ₹3,950 2025

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹83,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Sweet Potato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹71,000–₹1.1 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹16,000–₹51,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 590 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Potato: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 38 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,300 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,740 2021
    2. ₹1,980 2022
    3. ₹1,940 2023
    4. ₹2,380 2024
    5. ₹2,500 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹55,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Pumpkin

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹63,000–₹94,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2,000–₹34,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 610 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pumpkin: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 71 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,100 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹900 2021
    2. ₹1,100 2022
    3. ₹1,050 2023
    4. ₹1,500 2024
    5. ₹1,200 2025

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹60,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 28

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Beans (Vegetable)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹53,000–₹1.4 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 330 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 570 mm it can use in a normal year, and 440 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 16–25 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Beans (Vegetable): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 43 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹4,875 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,500 2022
    2. ₹3,630 2023
    3. ₹4,000 2024
    4. ₹5,810 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.1 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Cauliflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.6 lakh–₹2.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹35,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 430 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 590 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cauliflower: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 91 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,250 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,610 2021
    2. ₹2,480 2022
    3. ₹1,650 2023
    4. ₹2,700 2024
    5. ₹2,100 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 100%
    • Urea 100%
    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 100%
  3. Ginger

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (April–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.9 lakh–₹2.9 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹88,000–₹1.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in December
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 910 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 820 mm it can use in a normal year, and 690 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–29 °C on average, and survives 13–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 38 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 20 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in December can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Ginger: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 41 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹5,875 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,100 2021
    2. ₹3,440 2022
    3. ₹9,700 2023
    4. ₹9,800 2024
    5. ₹4,580 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹50,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 210 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 460 mm it can use in a normal year, and 360 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 86 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹1,938 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹830 2021
    2. ₹940 2022
    3. ₹1,250 2023
    4. ₹1,100 2024
    5. ₹1,180 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹84,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Onion

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    Grown on 22 acres here. Last recorded in 2010-11. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹31,000–₹97,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 600 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–25 °C on average, and survives 4–33 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Onion: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 84 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (your district's own figure looked wrong).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹1,975 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,300 2021
    2. ₹1,750 2022
    3. ₹1,950 2023
    4. ₹3,130 2024
    5. ₹2,040 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 86 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Bottle Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.6 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹48,000–₹1.0 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 740 mm it can use in a normal year, and 610 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bottle Gourd: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 73 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,825 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,300 2022
    2. ₹1,650 2023
    3. ₹1,550 2024
    4. ₹1,950 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹59,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Cabbage

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 5 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.7 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹13,000–₹71,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 430 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 590 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–24 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cabbage: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 97 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,475 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹780 2021
    2. ₹1,730 2022
    3. ₹930 2023
    4. ₹1,850 2024
    5. ₹1,300 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Castor Seed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around December

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹37,000–₹56,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹13,000–₹32,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Frost risk in December
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 610 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 15–39 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 20 °C / 6 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Nights in December can bring frost. When frost is forecast, water the field lightly in the evening.

    Soil

    Soil for Castor Seed: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 7.5 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹6,218 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,670 2021
    2. ₹6,580 2022
    3. ₹5,720 2023
    4. ₹5,530 2024
    5. ₹6,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹24,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Linseed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 435 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹12,000–₹19,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹5,000–₹11,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 420 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 590 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 16–24 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 17 °C
    • Nov 26 °C / 11 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Linseed: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.0 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹7,700 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,680 2021
    2. ₹6,150 2022
    3. ₹4,800 2023
    4. ₹5,490 2024
    5. ₹6,690 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹8,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 3.5 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Niger Seed

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹11,000–₹16,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2,000–₹8,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 410 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 700 mm it can use in a normal year, and 590 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–26 °C on average, and survives 11–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 39 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 35 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 33 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Niger Seed: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.3 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹10,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹10,052 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,600 2021
    2. ₹6,380 2022
    3. ₹8,000 2023
    4. ₹8,000 2024
    5. ₹8,130 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹8,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

2 crops won't work here See why for each one

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).