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Your plan for Patan

Rabi Rain only

We checked 49 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: 8 of the crops that suit can still be sown this season.

Your land

Soil

7

out of 10

Soil score

Okay

Short in most fields here: nitrogen and zinc.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 5 mm in Rabi

October–February, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 0 mm.

Temperature

Days about 32 °C, nights 15 °C in Rabi

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (2 nutrients)

  • Nitrogen

    From 23,498 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 98% Medium 2%

    Almost every soil test here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Zinc

    From 23,500 soil tests

    Poor

    Short 52% Enough 48%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results

  • Phosphorus

    From 23,500 soil tests

    Good

    Low 2% Medium 26% High 72%

    Most soil tests here came out high

    If your field is high: you can use about a quarter less DAP than usual.

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 23,501 soil tests

    Good

    Medium 13% High 87%

    Most soil tests here came out high

    If your field is high: you can use about a quarter less potash than usual.

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 23,494 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 35% Medium 49% High 17%

    3 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

  • pH

    From 23,481 soil tests

    Good

    Neutral 97% Alkaline 3%

    Almost every soil test here came out neutral

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 23,487 soil tests

    Okay

    Not salty 60% Salty 40%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out salty

    If your field is salty: grow crops that take salt, level the field, and wash the salt down with good water before sowing.

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 23,498 soil tests

    Good

    Short 9% Enough 91%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 23,502 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 27% Enough 73%

    3 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: spray ferrous sulphate, 5 g per litre of water, when young leaves turn yellow.

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 23,483 soil tests

    Good

    Short 3% Enough 97%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 23,501 soil tests

    Good

    Short 10% Enough 90%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 23,503 soil tests

    Good

    Short 15% Enough 85%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Good fit 0

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Nothing fits well this season. Look at the crops below that are possible with effort, or try another season.

Possible, with effort 8

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Gram (Chana)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around February

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 1.3 lakh acres here. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    ₹24,000–₹36,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹5,000–₹17,000 an acre a season

    • Needs care: Risky: 5 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 5 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 330 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–29 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 36 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Gram (Chana): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 6.0–8.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 5.7 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (February–March 2026): about ₹5,161 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,958 a quintal (2027-28), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,550 2021
    2. ₹5,250 2023
    3. ₹6,030 2024
    4. ₹5,300 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 7.3 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 100%
    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 81%

  2. Wheat

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around March

    Sowing time is now.

    Grown on 95,497 acres here. Sold at 9 mandis in your district.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 8 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Very hot in November
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 8 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–25 °C on average, and survives 5–27 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C
    • Feb 33 °C / 14 °C
    • Mar 37 °C / 19 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Days in November get hotter than it likes. Time sowing so it flowers before then.

    Soil

    Soil for Wheat: 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of zinc, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 11 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (March–April 2026): about ₹2,558 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹2,610 a quintal (2027-28), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,860 2021
    2. ₹2,360 2022
    3. ₹2,570 2023
    4. ₹2,720 2024
    5. ₹2,620 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹19,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 17 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 100% of local fields of this crop get it.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 100%
    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 62%

  3. Tobacco

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in October, harvest around February

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    Grown on 12,296 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 7 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 7 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 420 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–30 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Oct 36 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C
    • Feb 33 °C / 14 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Tobacco: 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 5.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 9.9 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (February–March 2026): about ₹3,978 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,650 2021
    2. ₹4,490 2022
    3. ₹4,570 2023
    4. ₹5,130 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹23,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2022–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Beetroot

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 230 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–25 °C on average, and survives 4–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Beetroot: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    No yield records for this crop yet.

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹1,475 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,360 2021
    2. ₹1,850 2022
    3. ₹1,580 2023
    4. ₹1,560 2024
    5. ₹1,740 2025

    Prices are usually best in July.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Moong (Green Gram)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    No figures for this season in your district. Sold at 4 mandis in your district.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 210 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 21–36 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Moong (Green Gram): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 6.2–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.8 quintals an acre here in its other seasons (district figures).

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹5,503 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,780 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,690 2021
    2. ₹6,520 2024
    3. ₹5,500 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.9 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 2 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 2 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 160 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 66 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹813 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,110 2021
    2. ₹1,310 2022
    3. ₹1,230 2023
    4. ₹1,310 2024
    5. ₹1,180 2025

    Prices are usually best in May.

    Typical costs are about ₹30,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Turnip

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around January

    Still sowing time: sow by the end of November.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 210 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 5–41 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Turnip: 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    No yield records for this crop yet.

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹950 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,150 2021
    2. ₹1,270 2022
    3. ₹1,300 2023
    4. ₹1,630 2024
    5. ₹1,880 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Urad (Black Gram)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in November, harvest around February

    Sowing time is now.

    No figures for this season in your district. Sold at 10 mandis in your district.

    Only with irrigation: rain gives too little of its water to count on

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Needs care: Cool in December
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 240 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain in its months gives about 0 mm it can use in a normal year (0 mm in a dry one), and the soil holds about 100 mm from the monsoon at sowing.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Nov 34 °C / 16 °C
    • Dec 30 °C / 12 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 29 °C / 11 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Salt in the soil here can harm it.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
    • Most fields here are short of zinc.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 1.5 quintals an acre here in its other seasons (district figures).

    Rain gives it too little of the water it needs, so there's no income figure on rain alone: grow it only with irrigation.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (February–March 2026): about ₹7,250 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,010 2021
    2. ₹4,340 2022
    3. ₹6,580 2023
    4. ₹7,130 2024
    5. ₹5,540 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.8 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of zinc Your soil is likely short of zinc.

      Mix 10 kg of zinc sulphate per acre into the soil before sowing. One dose lasts two or three seasons.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

41 crops won't work here See why for each one

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).