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Your plan for Rayagada

Whole year Rain only

We checked 51 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

Your land

Soil

7

out of 10

Soil score

Okay

Short in most fields here: nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 1,380 mm in Whole year

January–December, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 1,166 mm.

Temperature

Days about 30 °C, nights 21 °C in Whole year

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (3 nutrients)
  • Nitrogen

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 53% Medium 47%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

  • Phosphorus

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 64% Medium 34% High 2%

    6 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 77% Medium 22% High 1%

    8 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Potassium

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Low 9% Medium 83% High 8%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • pH

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Okay

    Acidic 22% Neutral 78%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out acidic

    If your field is acidic: add agricultural lime before sowing. A soil lab works out how much your field needs.

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 8,274 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Short 8% Enough 92%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Short 7% Enough 93%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Short 19% Enough 81%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Short 1% Enough 99%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 8,437 soil tests

    Good

    Short 15% Enough 85%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 8,436 soil tests

    Good

    Short 8% Enough 92%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Good fit 4

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Lemon

    Holds the land all year

    Counted with lime in government figures. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.8 lakh–₹4.2 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹1.7 lakh–₹3.1 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,010 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–28 °C on average, and survives 12–36 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Lemon: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district). Government figures count it with lime.

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (March–May 2026, September 2026): about ₹7,750 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    This week: about ₹7,500 a quintal, the middle of 145 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹2.3 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,900 2021
    2. ₹3,000 2022
    3. ₹2,950 2023
    4. ₹2,730 2024
    5. ₹3,400 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.1 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Pineapple

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across your state.

    ₹2.1 lakh–₹3.2 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 2

    After typical costs: ₹68,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 21–30 °C on average, and survives 10–36 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pineapple: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 4.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 60 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (July–August 2026): about ₹4,375 a quintal across mandis in your state.

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Orange (Mandarin, Kinnow)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.3 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹56,000–₹1.3 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,010 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–34 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Orange (Mandarin, Kinnow): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 53 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–February 2026): about ₹3,636 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,650 2021
    2. ₹3,900 2022
    3. ₹3,950 2023
    4. ₹3,820 2024
    5. ₹4,440 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹99,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 34% of local fields of this crop get it.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 34%
  4. Dragon Fruit

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop.

    No price yet to estimate income

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 530 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 12–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Dragon Fruit: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.3–6.7.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 27 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    No mandi or support price for this crop yet.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 29

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Grapes

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹4.9 lakh–₹7.3 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 2

    After typical costs: ₹2.4 lakh–₹4.8 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,000 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–30 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Grapes: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 77 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (February–April 2026): about ₹7,900 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,630 2021
    2. ₹6,250 2022
    3. ₹6,590 2023
    4. ₹6,490 2024
    5. ₹8,260 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹2.5 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Lime (Kagzi)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.0 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹1.1 lakh–₹2.1 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Cool in October
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,010 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 26–32 °C on average, and survives 13–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C (outside its best range)
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Lime (Kagzi): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 45 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–May 2026, July–November 2026): about ₹5,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹6,000 a quintal, the middle of 39 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.8 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,450 2021
    2. ₹3,360 2022
    3. ₹3,500 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹3,700 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹92,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Litchi

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.6 lakh–₹2.4 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 5

    After typical costs: ₹63,000–₹1.4 lakh an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 15–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Litchi: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 22 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 5 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 79% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 79% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (May–June 2026): about ₹11,375 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹8,000 2024
    2. ₹14,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹98,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Sweet Orange (Mosambi)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.9 lakh–₹2.8 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹62,000–₹1.6 lakh an acre a year

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 1,010 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 13–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Orange (Mosambi): 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • Soil here is often more alkaline than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.0–6.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 67 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–November 2026): about ₹3,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹3,600 a quintal, the middle of 124 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.2 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,040 2021
    2. ₹3,230 2022
    3. ₹3,500 2023
    4. ₹3,410 2024
    5. ₹3,330 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Jackfruit

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Sold at 2 mandis in your district.

    ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.2 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 5

    After typical costs: ₹44,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 16–34 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Jackfruit: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 93 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 5 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 79% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 79% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (April 2026): about ₹2,500 a quintal at mandis in your district.

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Aonla (Indian Gooseberry)

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹1.9 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 4

    After typical costs: ₹51,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–29 °C on average, and survives 14–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Aonla (Indian Gooseberry): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.0–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 51 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 4 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 88% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 88% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹3,563 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹5,500 a quintal, the middle of 33 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.7 lakh a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,900 2021
    2. ₹2,760 2022
    3. ₹3,000 2023
    4. ₹2,760 2024
    5. ₹4,000 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹76,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Pomegranate

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹83,000–₹1.3 lakh

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹37,000–₹79,000 an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Needs care: Soil 7/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–32 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pomegranate: 7 out of 10 (okay).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 12 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 88% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 88% of this yield.

    Mandi price through the year (December 2025–November 2026): about ₹10,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹10,400 a quintal, the middle of 134 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹62,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,000 2021
    2. ₹6,150 2022
    3. ₹6,880 2023
    4. ₹7,150 2024
    5. ₹7,800 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹46,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Guava

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹62,000–₹93,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 2

    After typical costs: ₹15,000–₹46,000 an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–33 °C on average, and survives 10–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Guava: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 33 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 79% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 79% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–February 2026): about ₹3,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹4,000 a quintal, the middle of 130 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹56,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,580 2021
    2. ₹2,500 2022
    3. ₹2,600 2023
    4. ₹3,080 2024
    5. ₹3,250 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹47,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 70% of local fields of this crop get it.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      About 34% of local fields of this crop get it.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Few local farmers add it to this crop, so it's an easy place to get ahead.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 70%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 37%
    • Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 34%
    • Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 29%
  9. Custard Apple

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹46,000–₹69,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 3

    After typical costs: ₹17,000–₹40,000 an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 6 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 6 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 23–30 °C on average, and survives 11–41 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Custard Apple: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 7.0–8.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 16 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 3 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 79% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 79% of this yield.

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (September–November 2026): about ₹4,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    This week: about ₹4,900 a quintal, the middle of 3 mandis in your state (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹33,000 a year after typical costs.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹4,000 2022
    2. ₹3,250 2023
    3. ₹3,630 2024
    4. ₹4,490 2025

    Prices are usually best in April.

    Typical costs are about ₹29,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  10. Ber

    Holds the land all year

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹56,000–₹84,000

    per acre a year, before costs

    once bearing, from about year 2

    After typical costs: ₹19,000–₹47,000 an acre a year

    • Needs care: Risky: 3 irrigations short
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain falls about 3 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

    Needs about 1,040 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 920 mm it can use in a normal year, and 760 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 25–42 °C on average, and survives 7–50 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C
    • Jul 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 29 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 30 °C / 22 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Dec 26 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jan 27 °C / 14 °C (outside its best range)
    • Feb 29 °C / 17 °C (outside its best range)
    • Mar 32 °C / 20 °C
    • Apr 34 °C / 24 °C
    • May 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 33 °C / 25 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Ber: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.
    • Most fields here are short of phosphorus.
    • Most fields here are short of organic carbon.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 25 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    A new planting gives its first real harvest after about 2 years. The money here is for plants already bearing.

    On rain alone it gets about 88% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 88% of this yield.

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–March 2026): about ₹3,127 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,180 2022
    2. ₹2,000 2023
    3. ₹2,230 2024
    4. ₹2,760 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹37,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of phosphorus Your soil is likely short of phosphorus.

      Add about a quarter more DAP or single super phosphate than the usual dose, at sowing.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

    • Short of organic carbon Your soil is likely short of organic carbon.

      Add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

18 crops won't work here See why for each one

4 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).