Change farm details

Your plan for Simdega

Kharif Rain only

We checked 55 crops against your soil, rain and temperature, whether or not they're grown near you.

It's November: this season's sowing time is over for every crop that suits. Use this plan for the next sowing.

Your land

Soil

8

out of 10

Soil score

Good

Short in most fields here: nitrogen.

Too acidic in most fields here.

For most crops. How the soil score works

Rain

About 1,058 mm in Kharif

June–September, in a normal year. A dry year brings about 937 mm.

Temperature

Days about 32 °C, nights 25 °C in Kharif

Typical of the district's villages; a farm much higher or lower can be a few degrees cooler or warmer.

What's short in your soil, and what to do (1 nutrient)
  • Nitrogen

    From 13,637 soil tests

    Poor

    Low 51% Medium 49%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

    What this means

    Grows leaves and stems. Short soil gives pale, yellow leaves.

    Low under 280 kg/ha Medium 280–560 kg/ha High over 560 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 280 kg/ha or more.

Fixes are the usual advice. Your Soil Health Card or nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra gives the exact dose for your field.

Other soil results
  • Phosphorus

    From 13,644 soil tests

    Good

    Low 1% Medium 86% High 13%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Builds roots and helps the crop flower and fill grain.

    Low under 10 kg/ha Medium 10–25 kg/ha High over 25 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 10 kg/ha or more.

  • Potassium

    From 13,649 soil tests

    Good

    Low 6% Medium 71% High 23%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    What this means

    Fills grain and fruit, and helps crops stand drought and disease.

    Low under 110 kg/ha Medium 110–280 kg/ha High over 280 kg/ha

    Healthy soil has 110 kg/ha or more.

  • Organic carbon

    From 13,621 soil tests

    Okay

    Low 42% Medium 47% High 12%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out low

    If your field is low: add 4 tonnes of compost or farmyard manure per acre before sowing, and plough crop leftovers back in instead of burning them.

    What this means

    Shows how much organic matter the soil has. It keeps soil loose, holds water and feeds the crop slowly.

    Low under 0.5% Medium 0.5–0.75% High over 0.75%

    Healthy soil has 0.5% or more.

  • pH

    From 13,550 soil tests

    Poor

    Acidic 53% Neutral 47%

    5 in 10 soil tests here came out acidic

    If your field is acidic: add agricultural lime before sowing. A soil lab works out how much your field needs.

    What this means

    How sour (acidic) or alkaline the soil is. It decides which nutrients roots can take up.

    Acidic Neutral Alkaline

    In these tests, neutral means about pH 6 to 8, which suits most crops; acidic is below about 6 and alkaline above about 8.

  • Salt

    From 13,589 soil tests

    Good

    Not salty 100%

    Almost no soil tests here came out salty

    What this means

    Salt in the soil, shown as EC on the card. Salt makes it hard for roots to drink.

    Not salty Salty

    Under 1 dS/m is fine. Between 1 and 4, only crops that can't take salt lose yield. Above 4 harms most crops.

  • Sulphur

    From 13,650 soil tests

    Good

    Short 5% Enough 95%

    1 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Makes oil in oilseeds and protein in pulses.

    Short under 10 ppm Enough 10 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 10 ppm or more.

  • Zinc

    From 13,648 soil tests

    Good

    Short 18% Enough 82%

    2 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    What this means

    Needed for growth and healthy leaves. Rice and wheat often run short.

    Short under 0.6 ppm Enough 0.6 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.6 ppm or more.

  • Iron

    From 13,650 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Keeps young leaves green.

    Short under 4.5 ppm Enough 4.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 4.5 ppm or more.

  • Copper

    From 13,563 soil tests

    Good

    Short 1% Enough 99%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps the crop set seed and resist disease.

    Short under 0.2 ppm Enough 0.2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.2 ppm or more.

  • Manganese

    From 13,651 soil tests

    Good

    Enough 100%

    Almost every soil test here had enough

    What this means

    Helps leaves make food from sunlight.

    Short under 2 ppm Enough 2 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 2 ppm or more.

  • Boron

    From 13,650 soil tests

    Okay

    Short 41% Enough 59%

    4 in 10 soil tests here came out short

    If your field is short: mix 4 kg of borax per acre into the soil before sowing.

    What this means

    Needed for flowers to set seed and fruit.

    Short under 0.5 ppm Enough 0.5 ppm or more

    Healthy soil has 0.5 ppm or more.

Good fit 18

Water, temperature and soil type suit; amber shows what needs care, such as nutrients to add. Sorted by what is likely left per acre after costs; risky crops come lower.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Sweet Potato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹2.3 lakh–₹3.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.8 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 720 mm it can use in a normal year, and 630 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sweet Potato: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 82 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,740 2021
    2. ₹1,980 2022
    3. ₹1,940 2023
    4. ₹2,380 2024
    5. ₹2,500 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹59,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Capsicum

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹2.0 lakh–₹3.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹72,000–₹1.7 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 520 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 730 mm it can use in a normal year, and 680 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Capsicum: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 63 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,024 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,530 2021
    2. ₹3,430 2022
    3. ₹2,630 2023
    4. ₹4,000 2024
    5. ₹3,610 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Tomato

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹51,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 560 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Tomato: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 61 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,320 2021
    2. ₹1,850 2022
    3. ₹1,380 2023
    4. ₹2,250 2024
    5. ₹1,990 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹96,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 12% of local fields of this crop get it.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 12%
    • Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 4%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 3%
  4. Green Chillies

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.2 lakh–₹1.8 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹48,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 550 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 730 mm it can use in a normal year, and 680 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Green Chillies: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 44 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,510 2021
    2. ₹3,050 2022
    3. ₹2,780 2023
    4. ₹3,560 2024
    5. ₹3,050 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹74,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Okra (Bhindi)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹57,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 570 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 60 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,200 2021
    2. ₹2,100 2022
    3. ₹2,340 2023
    4. ₹2,720 2024
    5. ₹2,720 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹74,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 56% of local fields of this crop get it.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate / Nitrogen Phosphate 56%
    • Urea 11%
    • Muriate of Potash (MOP) 7%
    • Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 5%
  6. Brinjal

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹93,000–₹1.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹40,000–₹87,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 550 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 730 mm it can use in a normal year, and 680 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Brinjal: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 50 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,300 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,450 2021
    2. ₹1,640 2022
    3. ₹1,510 2023
    4. ₹1,910 2024
    5. ₹1,750 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹53,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 74% of local fields of this crop get it.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 74%
  7. Bottle Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around November

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹89,000–₹1.3 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹38,000–₹83,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 360 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 560 mm it can use in a normal year, and 510 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bottle Gourd: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 60 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹1,850 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,090 2021
    2. ₹1,280 2022
    3. ₹1,250 2023
    4. ₹1,500 2024
    5. ₹1,500 2025

    Prices are usually best in December.

    Typical costs are about ₹50,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Pumpkin

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.1 lakh–₹1.6 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹32,000–₹85,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 710 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Pumpkin: 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 90 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,070 2021
    2. ₹1,360 2022
    3. ₹1,220 2023
    4. ₹1,550 2024
    5. ₹1,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in March.

    Typical costs are about ₹76,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  9. Urad (Black Gram)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 60,025 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹26,000–₹39,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹12,000–₹25,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 250 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 470 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.

    Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 4.0 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹8,113 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹5,930 2021
    2. ₹5,700 2022
    3. ₹7,310 2023
    4. ₹8,230 2024
    5. ₹6,290 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 4.1 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 20%
    • Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 3%
    • Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 1%
    • Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate / Monohydrate 1%
  10. Sesame (Til)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    Grown on 435 acres here. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹26,000–₹38,000

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹11,000–₹24,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 310 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 610 mm it can use in a normal year, and 530 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Sesame (Til): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 2.6 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹10,346 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹7,840 2021
    2. ₹9,550 2022
    3. ₹13,310 2023
    4. ₹11,590 2024
    5. ₹8,860 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹15,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    The better districts with similar soil, rain and warmth get 2.3 quintals an acre. That's a realistic target.

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

Possible, with effort 37

Each needs something extra: irrigation, soil care or a careful sowing time, or it likely loses money at typical costs. The card says what.

Sowing Growing Harvest

  1. Ginger

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (April–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹3.4 lakh–₹5.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹2.4 lakh–₹4.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 880 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 800 mm it can use in a normal year, and 710 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 19–29 °C on average, and survives 13–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 40 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 12 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Ginger: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 86 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,850 2021
    2. ₹3,180 2022
    3. ₹7,960 2023
    4. ₹7,750 2024
    5. ₹4,010 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  2. Jute

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (March–May) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹98,000–₹1.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹58,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 480 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 590 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 40 °C / 26 °C
    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Jute: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 9.5 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,950 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹6,580 2021
    2. ₹6,050 2022
    3. ₹5,200 2023
    4. ₹5,000 2024
    5. ₹6,380 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  3. Chillies (Dry)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around December

    This season's sowing time (July–August) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.5 lakh–₹2.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹38,000–₹1.1 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 540 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 560 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 12 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Chillies (Dry): 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 14 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹13,638 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹10,650 2021
    2. ₹14,980 2022
    3. ₹16,750 2023
    4. ₹12,910 2024
    5. ₹12,120 2025

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.1 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  4. Cucumber

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹95,000–₹1.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹42,000–₹90,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 260 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 520 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Soil

    Soil for Cucumber: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 49 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,450 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,460 2021
    2. ₹1,810 2022
    3. ₹1,790 2023
    4. ₹2,030 2024
    5. ₹1,980 2025

    Prices are usually best in October.

    Typical costs are about ₹54,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  5. Bitter Gourd

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹92,000–₹1.4 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹39,000–₹85,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Suits: Ideal temperatures
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 710 mm it can use in a normal year, and 620 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Bitter Gourd: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 32 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,550 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹2,230 2021
    2. ₹2,510 2022
    3. ₹2,670 2023
    4. ₹3,000 2024
    5. ₹2,750 2025

    Prices are usually best in February.

    Typical costs are about ₹53,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  6. Turmeric

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in May, harvest around January

    This season's sowing time (May–June) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.7 lakh–₹2.6 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹34,000–₹1.2 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Very hot in May
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

    Needs about 880 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 800 mm it can use in a normal year, and 710 mm in a dry year.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 20–28 °C on average, and survives 18–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • May 40 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C
    • Oct 31 °C / 21 °C
    • Nov 28 °C / 15 °C
    • Dec 26 °C / 12 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Days in May get hotter than it likes. Time sowing so it flowers before then.

    Soil

    Soil for Turmeric: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Most fields here are short of nitrogen.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 16 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹13,513 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹7,100 2021
    2. ₹6,250 2022
    3. ₹7,250 2023
    4. ₹13,200 2024
    5. ₹11,770 2025

    Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

    Prices are usually best in November.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  7. Radish

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.3 lakh–₹1.9 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹41,000–₹1.0 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 420 mm it can use in a normal year, and 330 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Radish: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 88 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹1,800 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹990 2021
    2. ₹1,090 2022
    3. ₹1,130 2023
    4. ₹1,360 2024
    5. ₹1,280 2025

    Prices are usually best in August.

    Typical costs are about ₹85,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      Ask your Krishi Vigyan Kendra what to add for this crop.

  8. Beans (Vegetable)

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in July, harvest around October

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹77,000–₹1.2 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹26,000–₹64,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in July
    • Suits: Soil 9/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 280 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 540 mm it can use in a normal year, and 470 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 16–25 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Beans (Vegetable): 9 out of 10 (good).

    • The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
    • Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.

    Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 19 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹3,240 2021
    2. ₹4,230 2022
    3. ₹4,000 2023
    4. ₹4,560 2024
    5. ₹4,800 2025

    Prices are usually best in June.

    Typical costs are about ₹52,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

  9. Cauliflower

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.4 lakh–₹2.0 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹36,000–₹1.0 lakh an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Very hot in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 570 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Days in June get hotter than it likes. Time sowing so it flowers before then.

    Soil

    Soil for Cauliflower: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 62 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,650 2021
    2. ₹1,930 2022
    3. ₹1,510 2023
    4. ₹2,180 2024
    5. ₹2,030 2025

    Prices are usually best in July.

    Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 18% of local fields of this crop get it.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 18%
  10. Cabbage

    JJASONDJFMAM

    Sow in June, harvest around September

    This season's sowing time (June–July) is over.

    No figures for your district: its government crop records list no area or yield for this crop. Priced from mandis across India.

    ₹1.0 lakh–₹1.5 lakh

    per acre a season, before costs

    After typical costs: ₹30,000–₹80,000 an acre a season

    • Suits: Rain is enough
    • Needs care: Warm in June
    • Suits: Soil 8/10
    Why, and how to make it work

    Water

    Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

    Needs about 400 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 670 mm it can use in a normal year, and 570 mm in a dry year.

    Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

    Temperature

    Grows best at 15–24 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

    Here, in its growing months (day / night):

    • Jun 36 °C / 26 °C (outside its best range)
    • Jul 31 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Aug 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
    • Sep 30 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)

    Months in orange are outside its best range.

    Soil

    Soil for Cabbage: 8 out of 10 (good).

    • Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
    • Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
    • Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

    Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

    How the soil score works

    Money

    Yield: about 67 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

    Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹1,850 a quintal across India's mandis.

    Average mandi price each year (₹ a quintal):
    1. ₹1,190 2021
    2. ₹1,530 2022
    3. ₹1,000 2023
    4. ₹1,670 2024
    5. ₹1,350 2025

    Prices are usually best in September.

    Typical costs are about ₹69,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

    How to make it work

    • Short of nitrogen Your soil is likely short of nitrogen.

      Add about a quarter more urea than the usual dose, in two or three splits. A pulse crop in rotation also adds nitrogen.

      About 53% of local fields of this crop get it.

    What local farmers put on it (share of fields):

    • Urea 53%
    • Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 47%

10 more crops aren't judged yet because we don't have their growing needs.

Next steps

Source: Soil Health Card – soil nutrient analysis (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – district-wise (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Crop area, production & yield – UPAG (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); Horticulture area & production statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare); IMD gridded daily rainfall (0.25°); IMD gridded daily max/min temperature (1°); TerraClimate 1991–2020 temperature normals (about 4 km), where each district's villages are; FAO ECOCROP crop requirements (via OpenCLIM/ecocrop); FAO-56 crop coefficients (Allen et al. 1998); Agmarknet daily prices and arrivals (India Data Portal).