Your plan for Ranchi

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 450 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 580 mm it can use in a normal year, and 460 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–28 °C on average, and survives 10–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Sweet Potato: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 82 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹3,200 a quintal, the middle of 77 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹2.0 lakh a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in September.

Typical costs are about ₹59,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 510 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 610 mm it can use in a normal year, and 480 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C

Soil

Soil for Capsicum: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 63 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹4,024 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹4,075 a quintal, the middle of 184 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.3 lakh a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹1.3 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 540 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 610 mm it can use in a normal year, and 480 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C
• Nov 27 °C / 14 °C

Soil

Soil for Green Chillies: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 44 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹3,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹4,250 a quintal, the middle of 509 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.1 lakh a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in February.

Typical costs are about ₹74,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 530 mm it can use in a normal year, and 420 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 12–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Okra (Bhindi): 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 60 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹74,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 540 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 610 mm it can use in a normal year, and 480 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–35 °C on average, and survives 9–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C
• Nov 27 °C / 14 °C

Soil

Soil for Brinjal: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 50 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025): about ₹2,300 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹2,300 a quintal, the middle of 624 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹63,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in August.

Typical costs are about ₹53,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 500 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 600 mm it can use in a normal year, and 470 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–27 °C on average, and survives 7–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Tomato: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.8.

Money

Yield: about 61 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹2,250 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹2,200 a quintal, the middle of 666 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹55,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹81,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 570 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–30 °C on average, and survives 10–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Pumpkin: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 90 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹1,500 a quintal, the middle of 372 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹58,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in March.

Typical costs are about ₹76,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 570 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 19–27 °C on average, and survives 12–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Bottle Gourd: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 60 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹1,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹1,510 a quintal, the middle of 318 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹42,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in December.

Typical costs are about ₹48,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 300 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 480 mm it can use in a normal year, and 330 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–26 °C on average, and survives 11–34 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Niger Seed: 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 2.5 quintals an acre here (older figures, 2018-19).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October 2026): about ₹10,500 a quintal across India's mandis.

Minimum support price: ₹10,052 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in August.

Typical costs are about ₹8,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 250 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 440 mm it can use in a normal year, and 320 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 22–35 °C on average, and survives 8–40 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Urad (Black Gram): 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 5.5–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 3.3 quintals an acre here in this season (district figures).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹8,113 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹7,850 a quintal, the middle of 172 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹12,000 a season after typical costs.

Minimum support price: ₹8,200 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹14,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 4 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 850 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 660 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 19–29 °C on average, and survives 13–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• May 38 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C
• Nov 27 °C / 14 °C
• Dec 24 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Ginger: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 86 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

On rain alone it gets about 78% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 78% of this yield.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

Prices are usually best in July.

Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 470 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 520 mm it can use in a normal year, and 430 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–37 °C on average, and survives 13–45 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• May 38 °C / 25 °C
• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Jute: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.5–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 9.5 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹12,950 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹14,250 a quintal, the middle of 10 mandis across India (latest 11 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹95,000 a season after typical costs.

Minimum support price: ₹5,925 a quintal (2026-27), if you sell to government procurement.

Prices are usually best in June.

Typical costs are about ₹40,000 an acre (seed, fertiliser, labour and hired machines, from the government's cost survey). They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough in a normal year. Keep one irrigation ready for a dry year.

Needs about 520 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 500 mm it can use in a normal year, and 340 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 17–30 °C on average, and survives 8–35 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C
• Nov 27 °C / 14 °C
• Dec 24 °C / 10 °C

Soil

Soil for Chillies (Dry): 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 14 quintals an acre, the typical figure across India (no figures for your state).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (December 2025–January 2026): about ₹13,638 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹20,925 a quintal, the middle of 53 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.8 lakh a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in November.

Typical costs are about ₹1.1 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 390 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 530 mm it can use in a normal year, and 420 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 10–25 °C on average, and survives 5–30 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Cauliflower: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 62 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,750 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in July.

Typical costs are about ₹1.0 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 250 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 410 mm it can use in a normal year, and 310 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 18–32 °C on average, and survives 6–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Cucumber: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 49 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹2,450 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in October.

Typical costs are about ₹54,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 380 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 570 mm it can use in a normal year, and 450 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 22–30 °C on average, and survives 15–38 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C

Soil

Soil for Bitter Gourd: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–6.5.

Money

Yield: about 32 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹3,550 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹3,500 a quintal, the middle of 379 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹60,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in February.

Typical costs are about ₹53,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 170 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 290 mm it can use in a normal year, and 240 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 12–26 °C on average, and survives 10–37 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Radish: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 88 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹1,800 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in August.

Typical costs are about ₹85,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 390 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 530 mm it can use in a normal year, and 420 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 15–24 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Cabbage: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of nitrogen, which it needs a lot.
• Many fields here are short of boron, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 67 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at last season's harvest (September–October 2026): about ₹1,850 a quintal across India's mandis.

Prices are usually best in September.

Typical costs are about ₹69,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain is enough, even in a dry year.

Needs about 270 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 440 mm it can use in a normal year, and 320 mm in a dry year.

Heavy rain here can waterlog it. Grow it on raised beds or land that drains well.

Temperature

Grows best at 16–25 °C on average, and survives 7–32 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Soil

Soil for Beans (Vegetable): 9 out of 10 (good).

• The pH here suits it, though not most crops.
• Low nitrogen matters less: it makes its own.

Likes pH 5.5–7.5.

Money

Yield: about 19 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

Mandi price at this season's harvest so far (October–November 2026): about ₹5,000 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹4,650 a quintal, the middle of 140 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹38,000 a season after typical costs.

Prices are usually best in June.

Typical costs are about ₹52,000 an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2023–2025), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.

Water

Rain falls about 4 irrigations (5 cm each) short in a normal year, so it's risky without water.

Needs about 850 mm of water here in its growing months. Rain gives about 660 mm it can use in a normal year, and 520 mm in a dry year.

Temperature

Grows best at 20–28 °C on average, and survives 18–32 °C.

Here, in its growing months (day / night):

• May 38 °C / 25 °C (outside its best range)
• Jun 34 °C / 24 °C (outside its best range)
• Jul 30 °C / 23 °C
• Aug 29 °C / 23 °C
• Sep 30 °C / 23 °C
• Oct 29 °C / 20 °C
• Nov 27 °C / 14 °C
• Dec 24 °C / 10 °C (outside its best range)

Months in orange are outside its best range.

Days in May get hotter than it likes. Time sowing so it flowers before then.

Soil

Soil for Turmeric: 8 out of 10 (good).

• Soil here is often more acidic than it likes.
• Many fields here are short of sulphur, which it needs a lot.

Likes pH 6.0–7.0.

Money

Yield: about 16 quintals an acre, the typical figure in your state (its government crop records list none for your district).

On rain alone it gets about 78% of the water it needs, so the money here is worked at 78% of this yield.

Mandi price at last season's harvest (January–February 2026): about ₹13,513 a quintal across India's mandis.

This week: about ₹20,813 a quintal, the middle of 22 mandis across India (latest 13 Nov). At that price an acre would leave about ₹1.2 lakh a season after typical costs.

Prices swing a lot from year to year, so income can be well above or below this range.

Prices are usually best in November.

Typical costs are about ₹1.4 lakh an acre: about half of what a usual harvest earns (2024–2026), as in farm cost surveys. They are spent whatever the harvest.